Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Biochemical Interactions, Microbial Responses, and Clinical Applications

Nanotechnology; Drug delivery; Nanotoxicity; Antimicrobial nanoparticles; liposomes

1Jimmy Capia Lopez
Biotechnology Engineer, Catholic University of
Saint Mary Orchid ID: 0000-0002-2420-8784,
email id: [email protected]

2Luis Eduardo Muñoz Guerrero
Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9414-6187
[email protected]

3Abdalwhab Zwiri
Department: Oral surgery and diagnostic
sciences department, Specialization: Faculty of
dentistry Applied Science,University/College
Name: Applied Science Private University.
Amman. Jordan,
Email I'd:[email protected], Orchid: - 0000-00026951-5163,

4Dr Rana Assaf
School of Public Health Lebanese University,
Orchid ID: 0009-0008-3490-6333, Email id:
[email protected]

5Aygun Aliyarbayova
The Department of Cytology, Embryology and
Histology of Azerbaijan Medical University,
Baku, Azerbaijan
Email: [email protected] Orcid ID
0000-0003-0887-3132,

6Burkhonova Zarafruz
Assistant of the Department Orthopedic
Dentistry, Samarkand state Medical University
Samarkand, Uzbekistan, Email ID:
[email protected]

7Jesus Javier Naccha Urbano
Research Professor. Orchid ID: 0000-00025035-4849.
Email: [email protected]

Received:05-06-2026
Revised:10-07-2026
Accepted:15-07-2026

European Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry (2026) 34(7s), 175–184

Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Biochemical Interactions, Microbial Responses, and Clinical Applications

Drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology have the potential to develop therapeutic targeting, controlled release, antimicrobial activity, and biological transport. This study combined 1,000 harmonized records of 394 observations related to metal-oxide nanotoxicity, 318 observations related to antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles, and 288 PLGA or liposome formulations. Descriptive statistics, non-parametric test, and correlation analysis were used for the analysis of physicochemical and microbial and formulation variables. In total, 24.9% of the metal-oxide nanoparticles were found to be toxic, with CuO and ZnO the most toxic. Larger particle size, higher zeta potential, lower surface area, longer exposure and higher dose were found to correlate with toxicity. No significant differences were found between the MICs of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but there was a weak positive correlation between the particle size and the MIC. The preparation method was a key factor in the antimicrobial activity, as the physical and green-synthesis methods generally had lower MIC values compared to the chemical reduction method. The performance of liposomes was better than that of the other formulations, as evaluated by their smaller size, low polydispersity, high encapsulation efficiency, and increased blood– brain-barrier transport. PLGA formulations exhibited higher degradation potential, sustained-release properties and stability. These results show that there are no universal characteristics of nanoparticles or carriers that will yield optimal results. Integrated assessment of safety, antimicrobial efficacy, delivery efficiency, barrier transport, biocompatibility and off-target effects is thus needed for development of nanomedicine. The formulation findings should be considered preliminary and exploratory .

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