CuO Pure and Doped Nanoparticle Synthesis and Characterization by Liquid Plasma and Applications for Methylene Blue Degradation and Antibacterial Bioactivity

Arc discharge in liquid, CuO nanoparticles, Ag/Zn doping, MB ,Photocatalytic degradation, Antibacterial activity

Mustafa H.hashim1 ,
(Department of Physics, College of
Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq)
Mail: [email protected]
Orcid Id: 0009-0008-8562-239X

Abdulhussain A.khadayeir2
(Department of Physics, College of
Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah ,Iraq
Mail: [email protected]
Orcid Id: 0000-0002-2945-5629

Received:05-06-2026
Revised:17-07-2026
Accepted:03-08-2026

European Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry (2026) 34,7(s) 1188–1197

CuO Pure and Doped Nanoparticle Synthesis and Characterization by Liquid Plasma and Applications for Methylene Blue Degradation and Antibacterial Bioactivity

The production of pure copper oxide and doped (Ag, ZnO) nanoparticles by arc discharge. (5A) in distilled water, a simple, single-step, environmentally friendly technique which does not involve toxic reducing agents, electrolytes, and postsynthesis thermal treatment, has been reported in this paper. The creation was validated by X-ray diffraction analysis of the monoclinic CuO (tenorite) phase. At the same time, the Ag-doped samples showed an additional face-centered cubic metallic silver phase, and the ZnO-doped samples showed a hexagonal wurtzite ZnO phase with a monoclinic CuO phase. No impurity phases were detected. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the nanostructures had shapes ranging from spherical to irregular, porous, and aggregated. Surface roughness increased with doping. The nanoparticles were tested for under UV light, photocatalytic activity breaks down the dye methylene blue(MB). Pure CuO showed a degradation efficiency of ~92–93% within 135 min. In contrast, Ag-doped CuO achieved degradation of >98% in 90 min, and ZnO-doped CuO achieved degradation of >95% in 60 min, highlighting the role of doping in improving the separation of charge and the formation of reactive oxygen species. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of the nanoparticles was further assessed in comparison to clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. It demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, with CuO: Ag showing the strongest antibacterial effect and CuO: ZnO showing the highest anti-biofilm activity. The results show that arc discharge in liquid is a rapid, economical, and additive-free method for manufacturing of pure and doped copper oxide(CuO) nanoparticles that can be applied for water purification and antibacterial applications.

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