Effect of Gallic acid Pretreatment of Dentin Surface on Bonding Performance of Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Luting Cement: An in Vitro Study
Dentin, micro-shear bond strength, RMGIC, FujiCEM evolve, polyacrylic acid, gallic acid.
AuthorsAbstractIntroduction and Aim: For indirect restorations, resin-modified glass ionomer luting cements (RMGICs) are frequently utilised as luting agents. For a hybrid layer, however, bond durability is an issue of concern is the hydrolytic degradation. The study evaluated the effect of gallic acid (GA) pretreatment of dentin surface on the immediate and delayed micro-shear bond strength (μSBS) of Fuji CEM Evolve RMGIC to dentin. Materials and Method: Sixty sound extracted human maxillary premolar teeth were used in this study, decoronated perpendicular to the long axis of each tooth exposing a flat dentin surface. Teeth were then divided into three main groups (n=20) according to the type of dentin surface pretreatment used: Group I pretreated with polyacrylic acid (PAA) (control group), Group II pretreated with Gallic acid (GA), and Group III pretreated with PAA followed by GA. Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups (n=10) according to the aging period prior to testing: Subgroup A (Immediate) tested after 24 hours, and Subroup B (Delayed) tested after 3 months. FujiCEM evolve RMGIC was then applied on the treated dentin surface using a specially designed Teflon Mold and shear bond strength was then tested using a universal testing machine. Fieldemission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to examine the resin-dentin interface. The type of bond failure was figured out by examining the debonded samples with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). One-way ANOVA test and Tukey's test were used to analyse the collected data. Results: Group III recorded the highest μSBS at both time points (14.19 ± 2.07 MPa at 24 hours; 13.97 ± 2.07 MPa at 3 months) significantly outperforming Group I and Group II (p<0.01). The bond strength of Group I and Group II dropped significantly over time (p<0.01), while Group III maintained its high bond strength over time as revealed by the statistically non-significant difference in μSBS between the immediate and delayed subgroups (p>0.05). Failure mode analysis showed that GA specimens recorded 100% adhesive failures at both time points, denoting that the bond was not very strong. On the other hand, PAA and PAA+GA specimens showed mixed failure patterns, but the PAA group had a significant shift toward adhesive failure over time. Conclusion: Dentin surface pretreatment with Gallic acid after conditioning with polyacrylic acid significantly enhanced the shear bond strength of RMGIC luting and provided more durable bonding performance compared to conventional treatment.
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